Research for nursing practice - Pre operative fasting Literature review

Research for nursing practice - Pre operative fasting - Literature review Example The pathophysiological basis of the aspiration pneumonia was the aspiration of acidic stomach contents into the lungs and the consequent harmful damage to the lung tissues known as chemical pneumonia. As the years went by, the innovative techniques of anaesthesia including the endotracheal intubation led to rethinking on the duration of fasting times. Frequent discussion and research led to the Guidelines from the Royal College of Anaesthetists, the Royal College of Nurses and the Anaesthetists of the US: they stipulated specific periods for fasting for worldwide use (AAGBI, 2001; RCN, 2005; ASA Practice guidelines, 1999). The guidelines sanctioned the shortening of the pre-operative fasting durations but the message was not taken in the right spirit by the nurses and the patients did not enjoy the benefit. The nurses were the ones who instructed the patients about the fasting. Promotion of evidence-based fasting times was to be enforced by them (Crenshaw, 2008). They also had to mon itor the patient’s compliance. The scientific evidence related to the liberalized fasting times were to be initially understood by the nurses themselves before efficacious implementation. Research indicated many fallacies in the system whereby fasting practices were still not conforming to the guidelines. Medication instructions also were not accurately transferred to patients (Crenshaw, 2008). Recent researches were moving away from the strict fasting regimen to a partial fasting method whereby a carbohydrate drink or oral carbohydrate nutrients were administered to improve the outcomes of surgery. The nurses were the ones who actually conveyed the right information about the fasting to the patients. The role of the nurses also involved the promoting of evidenced-based guidelines apart from monitoring the patients to check for compliance and untoward effects (Crenshaw and Winslow, 2006).This paper will be written with the intention of unearthing evidence suitable to provide more alterations in the implementation of pre-operative fasting or partial fasting to conform to the evidence-based guidelines. The aim of this research will be to search for methods that could ensure that the elective surgery patients had the benefit of shorter pre-operative fasting times as per guidelines and the improved outcomes of having the pre-carbohydrate drink and how the nurses were to be encouraged to conscientiously perform their work where the pre-operative fasting was concerned. Review of RCTs Brady et al (2003) studied 22 randomised control trials or quasi RCTs. Healthy patients were included as the controls. Permitted intake of food was a small breakfast in the morning before surgery posted for the afternoon. Liquid intake was limited to not more than 30 ml. to help swallow medicine. Methodological quality was maintained by the randomisation method. â€Å"Allocation concealment, blinding, a prior sample size calculation, and whether analysis was by intention to trea t† were additional methods of maintaining quality (Brady et al, 2003). Regurgitation and aspiration were complications just after the surgery and death was a possibility in many trials. The review of the research articles revealed some limitations. The RCTs were mostly small sampled trials with less than 100 patients. The quality of methodology was inadequate in some trials. The variety in the populations too was minimal and the samples were

The short story Two Kinds Essay Example for Free

The short story Two Kinds Essay Analysis: The short story, Two Kinds,ï ¿ ½ displays the relationship between a Chinese mother and a disobedient Americanized daughter. Jing-mei, a second-generation Chinese daughter, deals with her own internal conflict as well as an external conflict with her mother. The internal effort to find her true self is a lesson Jing-mei will have to discover, as she gets older. Being born of Chinese heritage, Jing-mei struggles with the burden of failing to meet her mothers expectations. She was never sure what she wanted to become. Throughout the story, Amy Tan represents the theme that parents cannot control their children, but can only guide them. Amy Tans Two Kinds first two paragraphs provides information about the mother’s beliefs. There are at least two things: (1) the voice of a narrator who does not quite share her mother’s opinion, and (2) a comic tone. When someone says, â€Å"My mother believed,† there is sure to be some difference between the speaker and the reported belief. The belief is further distanced by the fivefold repetition of â€Å"You could.† The comedy—perhaps better characterized as mild humor—is evident in the naivete or simplicity of ambitions: open a business, work for a company, retire, buy a house, become famous. Many people may feel superior (as the daughter herself does) to this mother, who apparently thinks that in America money and fame and even genius are readily available to all who apply themselves—but many people may also wish that their mother was as enthusiastic. The second paragraph adds a sort of comic topper. After all, when the mother says, in the first paragraph, â€Å"you could be anything you wanted to be in America,† the ambitions that she specifies are not impossible, but when in the second paragraph she says, â€Å"you can be prodigy too,† and â€Å"you can be best anything,† we realize that we are listening to an obsessed parent, a woman ferociously possessive of her daughter. Obsessions, of course, can be the stuff of tragedy—Macbeth, Brutus, and so forth—but obsessions are also the stuff of comedy. The third paragraph, with its references to the terrible losses in China, darkens the tone, but the fourth restores the comedy, with its vision of â€Å"a Chinese Shirley Temple.†Ã‚  The fifth paragraph is perhaps the most obviously funny so far. When Shirley Temple cries, the narrator’s mother says to her daughter: â€Å"You already know how. Don’t need talent for crying!† People—accustomed to thinking that everything in a textbook is deadly serious—easily miss the humor. They will definitely grasp the absurdity of the thought that â€Å"Nairobi† might be one way of pronouncing Helsinki, but they may miss the delightful comedy of Auntie Lindo pretending that Waverly’s abundant chess trophies are a nuisance (â€Å"all day I have no time to do nothing but dust off her winnings†), and even a deaf piano teacher may not strike them as comic. The story is comic (for example, in the mother’s single-mindedness, and in the daughter’s absurd hope that the recital may be going all right, even though she is hitting all the wrong notes) but is also serious (the conflict between the mother and the daughter, the mother’s passionate love, the daughter’s rebelliousness, and the daughter’s later recognition that her mother loved her deeply). It is serious, too, in the way it shows us (especially in the passage about the â€Å"old Chinese silk dresses†) the narrator’s deepening perception of her Chinese heritage. Humor and seriousness can be found in all types of family situations between parents and children.

Employment Discrimination Essay -- Race Racism Prejudice

Employment Discrimination Discrimination is a very hard barrier to break. To discriminate means to "distinguish between one another; to make a difference in treatment or favor on the basis other then individual merit." Everyone at some point in their life experiences some form of discrimination that might be on the basis of their race, religion, age, or sex. Discrimination can be examined from many different angles. Because of this, I have decided to discuss one type of discrimination, which is employment discrimination. Throughout this paper I will attempt to answer several questions. Such questions are what is employment discrimination and whom does it effect? What could one do if find that they are a victim of discrimination? After answering these questions I will incorporate my own experience on this topic. Employment discrimination occurs when an employee or a group of employees are treated unfairly as compared to others because of their race, age, sex, religion, etc. Employment discrimination usually effects those who are considered the minority. If a company is found guilty of employment discrimination they can be find several hundreds of thousands of dollars. There are 2 forms of unfair treatment that one could experience in his/her workplace. The first form of treatment is done with intent. An example of this form of treatment would be if fellow employees or the employer makes up jokes or slurs about others, which would cause the other party to feel uncomfortable and unwanted in the workplace. The second form of unfair treatment is done a little different. This treatment is done in a sly and tricky way. For example, the employer would assign certain employees jobs that are out of the ordina... ...and asked about the job positions, they were told that they were only looking for a night crew for maintenance. When a black or hispanic person asked about the job positions they were told a different story. They were told that many different positions were open. My friend even over heard a conversation between the 2 people who were doing the hiring, stating that they positions that were open were to only be given to the black or hispanic people. When I heard this I was disgusted. I was upset that I didn't get the job because of my color. As you can see, discrimination is alive and going strong. It is not something that is very easy to solve. It is said that people are prejudged because of their color, age, religion, etc. People should be judged from within not from the outside. It's like that famous saying, "You shouldn't judge a book by its cover."

The Modern Women Essay -- Gender Roles, Blaxploitation

Common misrepresentations of women are said to be that they are weak and inferior to men in which American society continuously place women in these roles within domestic, political, economic, and social settings. The public rarely pays tribute to the feminine heroine because she is unrecognized and unseen in American culture. However, during the 1960s to 1970s, African-American female representation has changed the way we define femininity and the modern woman through the genre known as Blaxploitation. Blaxploitation was a genre created for the black and urban audiences which highlighted black unity and empowerment. With this, the â€Å"ideal† black woman has changed. Through the workings of Edward Guerrero, Eithne Quinn, and Yvonne Sims, I am going to explain the key origins and definitions of Blaxploitation in which Guerrero takes a socioeconomic standpoint and Quinn and Sims value a more social view. With Quinn’s and Sims’s point-of-views, I will argue that B laxploitation have altered the ideas of African-American female representation in which characters like Foxy Brown have assumed masculine traits, thus, making her a stronger female. Lastly, I will discuss what Guerrero is missing in relation to the black female representation compared the real world. According to Edward Guerrero, the origins of Blaxploitation occurred during the Civil Rights Movement as a film strategy for the deteriorating film industry. During 1960, profits from the box office decreased from $60 million to $15 million; however, in 1967, one-third of the black population added to the box office gross and Hollywood used this fact towards making a profit .The large African-American population within the movie industry was due to their desire to spectate black... ...tion and is only limited to his socioeconomic argument. Although authors like Guerrero, Quinn, and Sims have different observations of their origins and definitions of Blaxploitation, they can all agree the notion of how it was popular among African-American audiences. Guerrero argues that Blaxploitation was a mockery of Black Nationalism and was created for the sole-purpose of profit of Hollywood. Also, Quinn believes that Blaxploitation was created after the Civil Rights movement to highlight individualism and needs of the powerful black male in which these traits portrays the male as violent and sexual; and lastly, Sims adheres to the idea that female characters later embodied these traits to illustrate the important of women in film. Unlike Quinn and Sims, Guerrero does not see the important of the gender dynamics of the black heroine within Blaxploitation. The Modern Women Essay -- Gender Roles, Blaxploitation Common misrepresentations of women are said to be that they are weak and inferior to men in which American society continuously place women in these roles within domestic, political, economic, and social settings. The public rarely pays tribute to the feminine heroine because she is unrecognized and unseen in American culture. However, during the 1960s to 1970s, African-American female representation has changed the way we define femininity and the modern woman through the genre known as Blaxploitation. Blaxploitation was a genre created for the black and urban audiences which highlighted black unity and empowerment. With this, the â€Å"ideal† black woman has changed. Through the workings of Edward Guerrero, Eithne Quinn, and Yvonne Sims, I am going to explain the key origins and definitions of Blaxploitation in which Guerrero takes a socioeconomic standpoint and Quinn and Sims value a more social view. With Quinn’s and Sims’s point-of-views, I will argue that B laxploitation have altered the ideas of African-American female representation in which characters like Foxy Brown have assumed masculine traits, thus, making her a stronger female. Lastly, I will discuss what Guerrero is missing in relation to the black female representation compared the real world. According to Edward Guerrero, the origins of Blaxploitation occurred during the Civil Rights Movement as a film strategy for the deteriorating film industry. During 1960, profits from the box office decreased from $60 million to $15 million; however, in 1967, one-third of the black population added to the box office gross and Hollywood used this fact towards making a profit .The large African-American population within the movie industry was due to their desire to spectate black... ...tion and is only limited to his socioeconomic argument. Although authors like Guerrero, Quinn, and Sims have different observations of their origins and definitions of Blaxploitation, they can all agree the notion of how it was popular among African-American audiences. Guerrero argues that Blaxploitation was a mockery of Black Nationalism and was created for the sole-purpose of profit of Hollywood. Also, Quinn believes that Blaxploitation was created after the Civil Rights movement to highlight individualism and needs of the powerful black male in which these traits portrays the male as violent and sexual; and lastly, Sims adheres to the idea that female characters later embodied these traits to illustrate the important of women in film. Unlike Quinn and Sims, Guerrero does not see the important of the gender dynamics of the black heroine within Blaxploitation.

Abstract for Choices, Values, and Frame Essay

Reading 2.2 Kahneman,D and Tvesky, A. (1984), ‘ Choices, values, and frames’. Ameriacn Psychologist, 39 (4) Abstract This article discuss when consumers feel a certain price which is bringing the â€Å"loss† rather than the â€Å"income†, they are more sensitive to price. Consumers are feeling a certain price more cost-effective manner and the other a less cost-effective. They will accord the cognitive psychological evaluation to exhibit a completely different personal attitude and decision making. Economic decision making theory has always been that people are fundamentally rational animal. However, human beings have irrational features in many aspects. One of the most attract somebody’s attention example is calling the â€Å"framing effect† In this effect, the positive or negative way to make a decision has had a dramatic effect on subsequent choice. The researchers found that integration from the decision system of emotional preference were potential causes of framing effect. With the potential risk benefit choices need to pay the cognitive effort than defined benefit choice; however, determining the damaged choice and risk selection potential damage to pay cognitive effort is the same. There are two fundamental analyze principles for rational choice theory: dominance and invariance. Dominance can be defined that project A in the worst case is better than project B, project A should be accept. Invariance requires that human describe selectivity problem for the same thing that will draw the common preference. Framing effect can be divide two types: positive and negative. The positive frame shows risk-averse preference for gains. On the other hand, the negative frame shows risk- seeking preference for losses. In addition, in mental accounting, money can be attributed to the different types of account which cannot replace each other. People are always divide outcomes into different mental accountings and use decision value and experience value, in order to evaluate the results whether can be accepted. EXAMPLE To discuss the cognitive psychology effects our daily life, I will give a  example of rent or buy a house in Sydney. If we want rent a house or apartment in Sydney which have two bedrooms, a living room and 2 bathrooms, according to my experience, we need to pay 600-800 dollar each week. Most of us may not feel pressure to rent an apartment for one or two years. If we spend 20000 or 30000 as down payment which is use for purchase an apartment. I think we could be hesitating. We analyze that purchase a apartment is better than rent in order to live one or two years in some place. We are willing spend less to live although we make sure loss 600-800 each week. However, it leads to a value of experience, and this experience value effect our decision. Finally, we would rather to rent an apartment although we know it not a rational investment. Reading 8.3 Abstract This article point out that the exercise of power in the process of development and implementation of organizational information systems are very expensive and time consuming. Accordingly, the theory of ‘sociology of translation’ provides corresponding solutions for the organization. According to the theory, there are two important features in the problemastisation. Firstly, actor or group should more specific in a general problem to find a mental to solving. Secondly, actors should be defined identities in a plan that will use their skill and experience precisely. The author point out an example that senior manager enjoy the IT program and analyze it to use reducing cost as a new tool. In addition, most of the consultants believe that organizations should make clear position, future goals and behavior before implement IT strategy. Meanwhile, consultants also believed that IT system is great significance strategy for organizations lead to successful. For another example, IT consultants try them best to make sure problematisation steady. The successive problematisations build an exercise of power and prevent other alternative problematisations from getting onto the agenda of the project team. In conclusion, the author solves the problems in the information technology process in the theory of concepts. Consultants adopted the theory of  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœsociology of translation’ to solve organizations’ problem. Discuss the nature of the relationship between external management consultants and customer or user groups. The author considers the other resource management role and differential access to its knowledge and skills, such as an important exercise of power relations. Example ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning): Enterprise resource planning system is basing on information technology. The use of information technology implementation of enterprise supply chain management, in order to realize scientific management of each link in the supply chain. ERP integrates information technology and advanced management ideas become the modern enterprise mode which reflecting the era of enterprise reasonable allocation of resources. It maximizes the creation of social wealth and become the cornerstone of corporate survival. In the company, the general management mainly includes three aspects: production control (planning, manufacturing, logistics (distribution), procurement, inventory management) and financial management (accounting, financial management); three systems are integrating and the importance of human resources constitutes the primary module of ERP system. The ERP system of business each module refinement, split, forming a relatively independent software syst em and the seamless connection, so that the enterprises of different scales can be freely combined according to need and make enterprise resource optimization configuration. Reading 1.3 Abstract The author claims a general make a strategic relate to several aspects. This article points out that your teammates or colleagues making decision will affect on yourself. Namely, the title of this article: â€Å"looking up and looking around†. Firstly, â€Å"looking up† is a basic human nature in any situation. In other words, when you meet a more experience and knowledge person (such as your manager and your boss) make a strategic, and then making decision follow how he/she would act. Secondly, ‘looking around’ is one of your opinions. When you work with your teammates or colleagues, you will find out how they deal with problems and what they make decisions. Then  you will follow their opinions to deal with yourself problems. The author also points out that â€Å"decision- making paralysis† always effect on everyone no matter you are middle manage or even the top manager and CEO. When face with a problem, human minds always goes blank. They want to find a solution to solve the problem. If not, they will look for someone to take the burden. On the other hand, they will afraid to make decision in any situation because they don’t want the decision bring fail. Most of managers suffer from anxiety that colleagues will find out their incapability. There is important problem that makes a rational strategic not only managers’ duty, it also relate to company’s structure and the project. Manager always are demanded to make a decision quickly which based on information transmits from primary levels. However, the information not particularly correct that leads to some wrong decisions in that situation. Obviously, the manager who makes the wrong decision in a organization should take the bl ame and be fired. This situation always happens in many companies. The author claims that a outstanding managers should have a rational analyze and quick thinking abilities. Example In my experience, when I worked at an international land sales company, my manager receives a project to help a China company find an office. Our team receive the order which needs a 300㎠¡ work place in shanghai CBD. Firstly, we should make a research to find out whether a suitable square. Our manager makes a decision to ask some building manager which is located in shanghai CBD. Finally, we find a suitable place for the China Company. However, when we check require with the company, our assistant told us we get wrong squares that is 400 ㎠¡. So our manager has to afresh contact to the building list. Fortunately, we found a 90 ㎠¡ near the former one. Our manager decides to connect the two work place to reach 400㎠¡. We successfully completed out task on time.

buy custom History of Journalism essay

buy custom History of Journalism essay Journalism is a wide practice that involves investigation of issues, actions, and events to the audience. The audience is made aware of the situation at hand thus widening its understanding of societal matters. Journalism is a practice that has evolved through the years globally. Various writers have had different views with regard to the history of journalism. For instance, Rodger Streitmatter summarizes all the events relating to journalism as life changing events, which expand and change a persons perspective. Rodger summarizes all the events as human changing and decision transforming. In addition, he believes that the coverage of such events by journalists is what enables people to learn from their mistakes hence change their perspectives. America has had many occurrences from the past. The history is related to the development of journalism in the country. One of the crucial events was the revolution that took place in the 1760s. Journalism grew by passing vital information to the domain of the public. People were enlightened on matters relating to the great revolution in America that actually transformed the lives of many (Streitmatter,15). History has been instrumental in the development of journalism from time immemorial. Rodger Streitmatter observes that journalism does not only record such historical events, but also shapes them. He established a closer link between history and journalism. Journalism facilitated the recording of historical events in a chronological manner thus helping change peoples perspectives toward different issues (Streitmatter, 18). Concerning this matter, he held that journalism transforms history by only changing peoples perspectives in relation to various national issues. The attainment of the 1776 independence in the USA was because of journalism. The various recordings and new spreading among citizens was a vital contribution to the final attainment of the most coveted independence. Through journalism, the brutal occurrences in 1768 and 1769 were made public and American citizens at that time were made aware of the atrocities committed by the British colonialists. The 1770 Boston killings were openly talked about and reported in the journalistic media at that time. In the book, Mightier than the Sword, Rodger Streitmatter asserts that the recordings were vital because they shape the American history. He describes how the colonial government was overtaxing the citizens and how the publication of journals was made to address these issues. In his description of the history relating to independence, he maintains the view that journalism was vital as it contributed to the freedom of the people. He says that the numerous recordings and open speech on the suffering that colonialists imposed on people were vital in opening up the minds of citizens thus the agitation for independence. He sticks to the view that, despite a new nation arising, journalism grew by giving people their required freedom in their own country. In the description of slavery, he still holds the same view. Journalism widely gave individuals an opportunity to condemn this evil practice. He claims that writing against slavery led to the growth of journalism and helped in the change of attitudes solely. Several other writers agree with Rodger Steitmatter on matters relating to history and journalism. For instance, Anna H. Perrault and Ron Blazek intimate that the revolution in the 1760s substantially contributed to the change in attitudes and perspectives of people relating to various matters. They approach the matter in the same way Steitmatter does, and it is because the revolution contributed significantly to the American History (Perrault and Blazek, 102). In addition, Perrault and Blazek take the same position as Rodger Streitmatter by holding the view that the continuous recordings and direct talking about the sufferings people were undergoing were enough to enlighten the masses and make them realize they had to take an ac tion in order to be on the safe side. Perrault and Blazek claim that journalism shaped the history of America in 1776 during the independence from Britain. They take the same position as Steimatter by claiming that history changed the peoples perspective towards the brutal colonial masters by agitating for independence especially after the Boston killings of 1770 were announced through various recordings and direct talking. History and journalism form a single unit as they support each other. Journalism helps keep an account of the past events hence enabling people to know of the past to better their present (Perrault and Blazek,120). They also change their perspectives and transform into positive beings from the events learned from journalistic materials. On the other hand, other writers perceive this take on history and journalism as being correct to some extent but too shallow. They claim that journalism has not only enlightened people but has done more. For instance, Jane L Chapman and Nick Nuttal are at variance with the single assertion from Steitmatter. They claim that journalism has promoted to the birth of a new world, has promoted education and has enhanced accountability. They take to a wider perspective of journalism. Although they agree with the part that journalism changes peoples perspective, they claim that the process of change has not been stated. They also claim that mere recordings or utterance cannot change an individuals mindset. Chapman and Nuttall assert that journalism and history come hand in hand in the creation of a new world and promotion accountability. For instance, on the matter of the American Revolution, they claim that journalism grew and came up to create a new world (Chapman and Nuttall, 100). The r evolution taught people lessons thus enabling them form into a new world. In addition, they claim that the revolution in itself was life changing and journalism was the educative tool towards the creation of a new world. The two also put forward a different argument on the matter relating to the American independence in 1776. They assert that journalism recorded these events in a logical manner that was vital for everyones understandability. Their argument further is that journalism opened up a learning opportunity for individuals and braced them for the coming dangers. They claim that it did not only change their perspectives, but it educated them to understand the matter at hand better. The Boston killings in 1770 were educative of the atrocities committed by colonialists who led the country with so much brutality (Chapman and Nuttall,122). These reports helpedd educate citizens hence create a new country rather than journalism just developing to change their perspectives. They believe that the change of perspectives is an inadequate term to use in describing the relationship between history and journalism. They seek a deeper analysis of journalism and its relationship to the revolution and indepen dence that helped built a new country where everyone is free and able to express his views in a clear manner. Others against this sole relationship between journalism and history are William David Siloan and Lisa Mullikin Parcell. They incorporate other view in the topic history and journalism. They find the description change of peoples perspectives as being inadequate and thus not a full explanation of the view. They come up with their views relating history and growth of journalism to matters such as ethics, and sensitivity within the society. On the matter relating to the history of the US revolution, they emphasize that journalism helped shape up the ethical behavior of leaders. This is because of the fact that there were consistent recordings that demanded transparency and accountability from the new leaders (Sloan and Parcell, 105). The change of perspectives alone could not have helped achieve this accountability and true leadership. They also claim that the historical aspect that was addressed through publications and free speech by journalists enabled individuals to believe that al l was possible as they could achieve anything. With regards to independence, they claim that journalism did not only change peoples perspectives, but it enabled them to have the urge for better things in the future (Sloan and Parcell, 115). Citizens learnt that ethics and sensible conduct in the society are what wins favor. This is because they still emerged victorious in the war for independence against Britain in 1776 despite the damage by colonial masters. Journalism has thus developed through historical occurrences by encouraging individuals on better means of dealing with situations at hand. Berry supports the view that journalism has indeed grown from the historical events and holds and educative role to date (Berry, 100). In conclusion, history and journalism in America have complemented each other from time immemorial. Journalism has grown due to various historical occurrences in the US. Rodger Streitmatter has linked history and journalism in his book to explain that journalism helps change peoples perspectives to achieve better living. The sweeping historical transformations that led to the strengthening of journalism in America included slavery, the American Revolution and independence in 1776. Various authors have supported Streitmatter that journalism has only changed the perspectives of individuals in relation to these historical events. They hold the view that journalism has grown through the historical happenings by informing individuals on matters such as ethics, accountability and sensitivity. Journalism has indeed grown over the years through and the independence of journalists has improved through fairer reporting. The recordings made through journalism helped in awakening leaders to achi eve the required levels of accountability and quality leadership by reading peoples feelings as expressed through journalistic articles. Buy custom History of Journalism essay

Finding A Common Theme In Assigned Reading Example

Finding A Common Theme In Assigned Reading Example Finding A Common Theme In Assigned Reading – Book Report/Review Example Lecturer Book Review Based on my own analysis, I would like to report that morality is the most common theme discussed by the of these books. Although they approach it from different perspectives, morality still stands out as a major sociological issue in these publications. To begin with, Eyal Press, in the Beautiful Souls: The Courage and Conscience of Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times Eyal Press discusses how an immoral society can be unhealthy for the survival of its diverse population. In chapter 1, he gives an example of the Nazi government which did not recognize the role of freedom and equality amongst all the people. Instead, it advanced its dictatorial rule to oppress and ruthlessly deal with people like Paul Gruninger and Alecsander Jevtic who, in their moral senses, single-handedly questioned the immoral actions of the autocratic regime.In Greater Equality: The Hidden Key to Better Health and Higher Scores, Wilkinson Richard and Pickett Kate questions the loss of mor al values in countries like USA. As a result of the emerging individualism, people have lost their morality and instead think of their own welfare. In their opinion, these authors insinuate that such kind of attitude has promoted inequality, a vice which torments the society in many ways. Lastly, Richard T. Schaefer addresses the same concern in chapters 8 and 9 of his book, Sociology Matters; he is convinced that such immoral acts can be eradicated if people make a good use of the sociological agents such as family, education and religion. As they explain, these are very important social institutions which can be relied upon by the entire society.

Four Main Causes of Latin American Independence essays

Four Main Causes of Latin American Independence essays Four Main Causes of Latin American Independence During colonization of the New World in the early sixteenth century, explorers sought fame and fortune in the wilds of Central and South America. Two countries stand out as key players in the colonization of that area; Spain and Portugal. Several colonies were established to mine gold and to export the native flora. There are several reasons that the Latin American colonies became independent. The main reason is that the colonies are so far from Europe they require governors and later viceroys to govern them. The second reason is that over time these countries became increasingly self sufficient. The third reason is the emergence of a class of landowners that were born in the colonies and have little to no ties to Europe. The fourth reason is based on the race relations between the mother country and the colony. African slaves were brought in and intermixed with the white landowners, creating a mulatto image of that colony in the mother country. The independence of Latin America is a result of four main factors: one, distance from the home country; two, economics began to centralized in each colony; three, a new generation of citizens that were born and died in just that colony; and four, the trend of vehement racism of European whites with the ever growing mulatto The relationship between Europe and the Latin American colonies must be thought of the same way as a man in California and his girlfriend in New York: communication flows eagerly at first, but soon dwindles to nothing more than a trickle. As the colonies grew in economic importance, Spain and Portugal alike found it hard to keep hand in local colonial affairs. The leaders of the new colonies began their political life as governors, and over time, were promoted to princes. The crown was often ignored by the colonial leaders, especially about native relations. ...

Tracing Rules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tracing Rules - Essay Example It need not be a proprietary right. Often the tracing exercise begins with a bank account, which is a personal right against a bank.1 And sometimes, the repository of value with which the plaintiff begins is not a right at all, but is rather in the form of services. Services can enhance the value of assets, and in this way the value inherent in the services can be traced into the enhanced asset. It is sometimes said that a prerequisite to tracing in a court of equity is the establishment of a fiduciary relationship.2 If this were true, the consequences would be startling. A trustee sells trust land, and deposits the proceeds into a bank account into which he has earlier deposited some money of his own. A court of equity will allow the beneficiary to trace from the land, previously owned by the claimant in equity, into the balance in the bank account. It will also allow claimant to assert equitable proprietary rights in the bank account; that is a separate issue. On the other hand, a thief steals some money from claimant and pays it into a bank account into which thief has earlier deposited some money of his own. The tracing exercise would appear to be even simpler. But the thief does not owe fiduciary obligations to claimant. If it is true that a fiduciary relation is a prerequisite to tracing in a court of equity, then a court of equity is unable to trace into the bank account in the second situation. This seems absurd. What could possibly be the reason for such a requirement The standard explanation is that it is necessary to found the jurisdiction of equity: Agip ( Africa) Ltd v. Jackson. When a plaintiff wishes to conduct the exercise of tracing, he wishes to establish that the value inherent in his asset has been used to acquire another asset. That alone neither gives nor denies hearing jurisdiction to the Court of Chancery or its successor, a court exercising equitable jurisdiction. If the plaintiff is seeking specific performance or rectification, then t he Court of Chancery would have hearing jurisdiction, and it would allow him to try to prove the making of the contract. If he was merely seeking damages for breach of contract, then the Court of Chancery had no order jurisdiction to grant that remedy and so it would decline hearing jurisdiction.3 The exercise of proving the existence of the contract is neither peculiarly equitable nor peculiarly legal.4 The fact that a plaintiff wishes to trace is not determinative of whether the court has hearing jurisdiction. It is an exercise which is neither peculiarly equitable nor peculiarly legal. Moreover, it is neither peculiarly proprietary nor peculiarly personal; tracing is not a right but an exercise. But equitable rights, properly so called, are different in many ways from common law rights, and so the relief sought by the plaintiff is peculiarly equitable or peculiarly legal. Whether or not there is equitable jurisdiction to hear a claim is determined by the relief which is sought. I f the plaintiff asserts that she holds equitable proprietary rights in some new asset, then that is a claim which only a court of equity can evaluate; and that is the source of the court's hearing jurisdiction. But it makes no sense that a plaintiff should have to establish a fiduciary relationship merely to conduct the exercise of showing that her asset was used to acquire some other asset. When the Court of Appeal expressed its view that a fiduciary

Marketing research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8500 words

Marketing - Research Paper Example The new system created a good data warehousing and customer data-analysis systems. The new system resulted in the a 300% increase in returns on investment between 1998 and 2000 (Gamble et al, 2010). Through the system, Cathay Pacific got information to support decision making. This resulted in the consolidation of data, more personalized service and improved target marketing. The Airline also introduced the Marco Polo Club in 1995 which is a brand loyalty programme meant to reward customers and encourage them to get some kind of compensation to stick to the Cathay Pacific (Horner & Swarbrooke, 2012). Marco Polo Club is a part of One-World Alliance. The Marco Polo Club has four classes, Green, Silver, Gold and Diamond. Each class has its own benefits. Amongst the many benefits include the fact that Silver members can pay the rate of the economy class and check in at the business class. Gold members on the business class can check into One World Alliance Executive lounges in Airports a round the world. Diamond members can have some excess luggage when they travel in the business class. (Horner and Swarbrooke, 2012). This programme has worked successfully for Cathay Pacific for all these years. Research Question Questions Cathay Pacific is currently a very profitable business venture. It is successful in many different areas and parts of Asia and the Pacific region. The Airline continues to attract more customers and it remains competitive ahead of other regional players like Emirates and other players from different parts of the Southern continent world. This research would seek to examine some important elements and important components of the success of Cathay Pacific. This research would set off to ask: what customer relations management system does Cathay Pacific use? What is the role of the customer information system in promoting customer relations in the Airline? What is the system of operation of the One-World Alliance and Marco Polo Club? What do customer s say about these loyalty programmes and systems of Cathay Pacific? Research Aims and Objectives The aim of the research is to examine: the effectiveness of the customer relations management systems of Cathay Pacific in the promoting corporate image and enhancing customer loyalty. In doing this, the following objectives would be assessed: 1. A critical examination of the customer relations management (CRM) system of Cathay Pacific. 2. An assessment of the effectiveness of the Cathay Pacific loyalty programmes. 3. Effects of customer loyalty programmes of Cathay Pacific on customer loyalty and corporate image. 4. Examination of the impact of customer relationship management on Cathay Pacific. Research Method The research methodology is the approach that is used to enquire into a given matter to attain the objectives of a given research (Saunders et al, 2009). The research methodology refers to the various activities that are carried out in order to attain the aim of a research. In or der to attain the research results, there would be four distinctive phases that would be carried out to complete the study. The research would involve the collection of data, analysis of the data and conclusion. Data Collection Data would involve information collected from primary and secondary sources. This data would be collected in correspondence with the four objectives. In the first phase, data would be collected from secondary sources. This would involve inf

Operations People & Performance in Aldi Supermarket Essay

Operations People & Performance in Aldi Supermarket - Essay Example This paper stresses that while operating on large scale and managing to attract a large portion of consumers daily, an important issue is the determination of the right quantity of human capital required. The management has therefore the burden of evaluating and fixing the right number of employees that can be able to serve customers efficiently. The other challenge is in the capability of the business to attract and retain the best talents in the organization. TThe other major issue is the ability to motivate employees to achieve the highest possible performance through the adoption of a good reward system. This paper makes a conclusion that many characteristics of organizational culture have a very vital role in influencing the motivation and the manner employees engage in an organization. Aldi needs an organizational culture characterized by a group of employees that does not greatly share the underlying beliefs and values as well as the various aspects of the beliefs and values to constitute a weak organizational culture. This in turn will influence autonomous decision making and enhance the spirit of entrepreneurship that results to improved innovation in the organization. Aldi should motivate its employees through an efficient rewarding system both at individual and group level for better implementation of the strategy. In a condition where there are consistent rewards to an employee in Aldi, the employee will consider his conduct as normal and this will lead to high motivation as in a strong culture of the organization.

Criminal Justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Criminal Justice - Assignment Example Another principle is that of unanimous consensus, which relates to the event that jurists come to terms with the rulings make public by a judge. For this case, they all consider the ruling as fair and one that bases on their constitution. Such a principle is called Ijima in the Arabic language and faces heated debate from contemporary scholars. Another principle is that of analogy, which means using reasoning and logic in relation to an established law, but in response to a new situation. An example of such is the fact that the law prohibits Muslims from drinking alcohol, which may apply to other forms of alcoholic drinks such as wine and whiskey. The same law also applies urf, which means customs, for which the jurists attach value to the preservation of customs known to the majority of the people. The jurists will, therefore, make their rulings basing on methods that will exalt the traditions of the religion as well as the cultures of the people. The rulings made also depend on the principle of individual reasoning, which gives the judges a chance of making decisions out of their reasoning. The chapter discusses the international criminal court that has its headquarters in The Hague. The court is a formulation of the Rome statute and deals with cases of crimes committed against humanity. The court is one of the few existent institutions that ensure that there is an observation of human rights by laying pressure on the leaders around the world to observe the respect for many. For instance, the court’s foundation was one of the efforts that the world made towards ending of the Second World War as well as the activities of mass killing of people. (Schmalleger 34). The development of cybercrime is one of the advancements in technology that have made crime a modernized activity. For instance, there are many types of such crimes, which range from fraud to terrorism and other types of criminal activities.  

Teaching Document Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teaching Document - Essay Example The other chemicals used include: alpha amylase enzyme, gluco-amylase enzyme and carbon which is used in the adsorbers as a decolorizer. The process occurs in five main stages; two hydrolysis processes that convert about 100% of the starch in the slurry into glucose and three evaporation processes to dry up the glucose. The starch slurry first flows into the first hydrolyser, R1, which converts 25% of the starch into glucose using alpha-amylase enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis process. After the first hydrolysis process, the viscosity of the slurry is reduced, and the slurry is then passed through a centrifuge, PS-1, which removes any proteins and oils present. The slurry is then passed through the second hydrolyser, R-2, which completes the hydrolysis process using the gluco-amylase enzyme that leads to the overall conversion of starch to glucose to almost 100%. The viscosity reduction of the slurry after the first hydrolysis process ensures proper mixing with the gluco-amylase and prevents the formation of unhydrolyzable gelatinous material in the second hydrolyser. After the second process of hydrolysis, the slurry is decolorizes in an adsorber, CS-1, parked with carbon (Silla 23). After the conversion of starch to glucose the rest of the process dehydrates the glucose. A dry product is then obtained using the process of evaporation. The glucose solution is pumped into the first stage of evaporation where a portion of the water is removed. To conserve energy (heat), the first stage of evaporation uses mechanical re-compression of the vapor evolved and since glucose is heat sensitive the process is conducted in a vacuum produced by a vacuum pump, C-1. The first evaporation stage is carried out in two steps; in the first step, energy is transferred to the solution in the boiler to evaporate some water concentrating the glucose. In the next step vapor and liquid are separated in a phase separator. After the

Criminal Justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Criminal Justice - Assignment Example Another principle is that of unanimous consensus, which relates to the event that jurists come to terms with the rulings make public by a judge. For this case, they all consider the ruling as fair and one that bases on their constitution. Such a principle is called Ijima in the Arabic language and faces heated debate from contemporary scholars. Another principle is that of analogy, which means using reasoning and logic in relation to an established law, but in response to a new situation. An example of such is the fact that the law prohibits Muslims from drinking alcohol, which may apply to other forms of alcoholic drinks such as wine and whiskey. The same law also applies urf, which means customs, for which the jurists attach value to the preservation of customs known to the majority of the people. The jurists will, therefore, make their rulings basing on methods that will exalt the traditions of the religion as well as the cultures of the people. The rulings made also depend on the principle of individual reasoning, which gives the judges a chance of making decisions out of their reasoning. The chapter discusses the international criminal court that has its headquarters in The Hague. The court is a formulation of the Rome statute and deals with cases of crimes committed against humanity. The court is one of the few existent institutions that ensure that there is an observation of human rights by laying pressure on the leaders around the world to observe the respect for many. For instance, the court’s foundation was one of the efforts that the world made towards ending of the Second World War as well as the activities of mass killing of people. (Schmalleger 34). The development of cybercrime is one of the advancements in technology that have made crime a modernized activity. For instance, there are many types of such crimes, which range from fraud to terrorism and other types of criminal activities.  

Taget company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Taget company - Essay Example This led to the renaming of the Dayton Corporation into the Target Corporation in 1990 (Target Corporation, 2013). Target Company’s discount department store and hypermarkets deal with a collection of food and general merchandise and in their retail business, including perishables, dry, and frozen items. Target has grown into the second largest discount retailer in the United States and has taken the retail market with a storm since its inception. Target Company has been able to grow rapidly due to its business and operational strategies, innovations, strong brand recognition and awareness, in addition to employee retention. The company has invested into the unexplored and high-potential market field, such as the perishables and frozen food items, focusing on private label products, in addition to strategizing on the expansion of their business units into the global markets. The expansion into the rapidly growing global markets, such as China, Target Company has been able to w ithstand the fierce market competition and the economic slowdown in the United States. Target Company is listed in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) as TGT (Target Corporation, 2013). ... The Corporation has also established service programs for eligible team members to cater for their health and well-being, and for their spouses and other dependents (Target Corporation, 2013). Target Corporation’s social responsibility is enhanced through the maximization of its profits, through innovation and brand recognition, in addition to the extensive investment into the global markets (Cheeseman, 43). This is evident in the respective Company’s 10-k forms, and has ensured the maximization of profit for the corporation and the shareholders at large. It is also reflected in the growth of Target Corporation shares in the New York Stock Exchange. This has subsequently ensured the maximization of profits to the shareholders through the rise in dividends, from 1.07% to 1.66% in 2013. The rapid growth of Target Corporation has led to the increase in profits through the growth and recognition of its brand, which has in turn ensured the growth of the company shares in the NYSE (Target Corporation, 2013). Target Corporation also holds high business ethics, despite the fierce market competition from other similar companies, such as Walmart Stores (Target Corporation, 2013). Though the company is in the retail industry and offers discount sales, it upholds healthy completion through the maintenance of reasonable prices that are lower. Consequently, this is likely to increase the client confidence and lead to more product sales (Cheeseman, 35). The moral minimum is therefore upheld, whereby the corporation makes extensive sales and profit but still upholds healthy prices that do not harm other competitors. Target Corporation is also compliant to the customer protection laws and other

This House believes dumbing down Essay Example for Free

This House believes dumbing down Essay Is harming children. It is my belief that television has overstepped its boundaries. It is my belief that children are becoming desensitised towards violence. It is my belief that this is to stop. What if I was to tell you that there are, today, half as many art programmes as there were in 1992? What if I was to tell you that current affairs programmes have fallen by more than a third? The truth is that all television executives want to do is make money, they do not want to provide a service, and they do not want to make the world a better place. And the reason that these programmes do not make money is the change of our childrens cultures. They no longer want to watch a programme that is educational; they would rather watch meaningless rubbish that caters for the intellectually challenged. I know this because I am guilty of it. I would much rather watch the ninth series of friends than watch the news, and I would much rather watch the Simpsons than watch an art programme. Let me describe to you a period. In this time period television is useful; shows provide a public service whilst still maintaining good ratings. In this time television has a purpose, which it lacks in this modern time. This time was when television was first produced. Its maker intended it to inform the masses about day-to-day events and problems, but this ideal has spiralled out of control. Your children are becoming desensitised, not only to sex, regularly displayed before the watershed, but to violence as well. Children growing up will become young men, and these young men will copy what theyve seen on television. You all know what impressionable young children are capable of. It has happened recently; a trio of gangsters, barely twenty, gunned down two innocent girls at a New Year party as a result of gang warfare. These people have to get their ideals somewhere, and if they are not in a strong family they will look to other mediums for guidance, like television, like videogames, and they will think the things are idols do are alright. Let me tell you this is not the case! Just recently there has been a story running in Coronation Street of a murderer and a drug dealer, and in the final episode two people were graphically murdered with a crowbar! And this was at seven thirty, well before the watershed. We are in the year of the couch potato. 78 % of people under sixty in the United Kingdom watch more television than read books. And if this television is of the aforementioned quality then this disturbs me. What about the literary skills that will be wasted? TV Quiz shows such as the weakest link and Who wants to be a millionaire, which value, random factual knowledge over, deeper understanding are creating a generation of vacuous teenagers, according to a leading Headmaster. Dr Giles Mercer, head of Prior park College in Bath believes that unless teenagers are fed a more demanding diet by the media they will become cynical about politics and apathetic about voting. So television is actually harming your children. So think of the children brought up to watch soaps rather than read a good book, which provides entertainment whilst also benefiting the child involved. But as long as we are entertained, right? Wrong! Television has pushed its limits; certainly there have been some events worthy of recognition, but in the main the programmes shown are demolishing our morals, they are making us complacent about the world around us. Not many people could argue Jerry Springer has a positive impact on our nations youth. If we were to believe everything television told us then we would all be certain that bombing Iraq is the right thing to do. The remaining factual programmes are often biased and do not show the big picture, e. g. what about the refugees, what about the children, are they part of Saddams regime? There are people who believe, as I do, that television could be beneficial for us; Tess Alps, deputy chairman of the media agency writes, I believe that the recent dumbing down of programmes and relaxation of censorship is wrong. Television could be successful, and informative but Television chiefs just dont want to see it.

The Distribution Channels Of Movies Media Essay

The Distribution Channels Of Movies Media Essay The  distribution of a  movie is the process through which a  movie  is made available to watch for an  audience  by a  film distributor. The current entertainment market is plagued by the abundance of product, platform and technology. In order to gain a footing in the new world of cinema, it is necessary to have an understanding of each of these elements. World trends indicate that younger generations are consuming digital content at an unprecedented rate. New technology is changing the way people consume media. With on demand technologies offering an unprecedented level of consumer control over content and viewing platform, traditional media advertising and marketing campaigns can no longer reach the masses. Movies have to be distributed through a scattershot approach to reach the consumers through different medium. The motive behind doing this project was to understand the end to end distribution system of movies. There are a lot of channel partners as well as stakeholders involved in the distribution of movies from the producers to the end viewers. We have discussed the different distribution methods which include On Demand, Internet Distribution, Home Entertainment and Theatres. Secondary Research has been done on how there has been a rise in overseas distribution as well as internet distribution of movies. We have discussed the pros and cons of different kinds of distribution methods and also how physical distribution is losing out to the others due to certain factors. Piracy in movies has been a major deterrent in recent years and a lot of preventive steps have been taken by the theatre owners as well as the government to prevent them as it cuts down the overall revenue that a movie generates. With the advent of digital distribution, a lot of new channels have come across such as home video, internet and mobile thereby opening new sources of revenue for the film industry. We have discussed how these new channels can be leveraged upon by the movies industry. INTRODUCTION The  distribution of a  movie is the process through which a  movie  is made available to watch for an  audience  by a  film distributor. Although distribution is one of the end points in the value chain of the film business, it is of utmost importance because goofing up at this stage means that the film, however well made, will be a flop at the Box Office. A number of different distribution methods have come up which include the following: On Demand: Here in the consumer is able to access the particular media they are interested in and purchase it or rent it at the time and device of their own choice. On demand platforms include Television and Set up Boxes. Internet Distribution of Feature Films: The main types of distribution are downloading, downloading rental and streaming. In Downloading and Downloading Rentals, consumers can store the movie in their hard drive permanently or temporarily respectively. Streaming involves viewing of the movie as long as the device is switched on. Home Entertainment: DVDs and Blu ray disk are major source of revenues for film producers to recoup production, publicity and advertising cost for their feature films. Consumers can enjoy the experience of watching the movie in their home theatres. Theatres: This is the traditional method of making the movie available for the masses. Typically a distributor buys the right for a particular territory and recovers his cost through the exhibition of the movie in theatres. A new development is happening in this space with the invention of digital copies of the movies replacing the traditional reels. It brings in a lot of flexibility and convenience for transporting and reproducing movies and also maintaining the same movie quality throughout various territories. In addition, it even brings about considerable monetary and time savings. LITERATURE REVIEW title OBJECTIVES Gaining distribution is believed to be a problem for marketers of products sold in retail stores. But this issue impacts many businesses including companies selling goods in the business-to-business market and those selling services. Marketers also face problems when seeking distribution channels for their products. Yes, the products here are movies, which in some ways are really classified as services (i.e., entertainment) when shown in movie theatres and then become goods when made available for purchase (e.g., DVDs, digital download), but the problems experienced here are common to many types of marketers. Our main objective in the project is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To understand the various stake holders in the process of distributing movies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To understand the various channels in the end to end process of distribution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To understand the role of digital medium in movie distribution RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology requires gathering relevant data from the various documents, websites, film journals from whichever sources possible and compiling them in order to analyse the material and arrive at a more complete understanding of movie distribution and answer following Isssues: How Digital medium changing movie distribution. How TV is impacting movie distribution How online streaming eg. Youtube etc. are changing face of movie distribution How above points can be leveraged by movie distributors to improve their distribution http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/movie-distribution-flow.gif SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION India has about 15,000 theatres enjoying a weekly admission of about 100 million people or 5000+ million per year. Distributors are the last link in the movie chain which takes films to the people. With post production accounting for 20% of the film budget and taking 20% of the total time, any savings in this would go directly to the bottom line. Digitalization has the potential to bring in the desired savings and drive up profits substantially. Current Movie Distribution Model Piracy in Movie Industry A new report `Economic Contribution of Indian Film and Television Industry by PricewaterhouseCoopers  said the film industry was in fact significantly impacted by online piracy. In 2008, piracy cost the Indian film industry $959 million and about 571,000 jobs. KPMG has also placed the film piracy rate at 60%. Report 1 Analyses the digital distribution of films movies Digitization is helping film makers reach out to a wider audience; distribution of content across many platforms like home video, internet and mobile apart from conventional theatrical platforms leading to higher revenue generation Digitization across the distribution value chain has enabled content repurposing across platforms, making distribution of niche content feasible Distribution of revenues across the value chain has become more transparent Availability of digital prints has significantly reduced the release window for each delivery platform; Helped in reduction of the time taken to reach tier 2 and tier 3 cities through theatrical release Report 2 Report talks about Collaboration with International Studios. For e.g. In 2011, Viacom18 entered into a deal with global movie company Paramount Pictures to market and distribute Paramounts movies in India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka International Collaboration helps local film production by expanding their international reach and incorporates enhanced project planning and cost controls For e.g. My Name is Khan was distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures in unexplored markets like USA, with innovations such as taking the lead actors to ring the opening bell of NASDAQ stock exchange ANALYSIS AND RESULTS Digital distribution is enabling distribution across various platforms such as home video, internet and mobile along with the traditional theatrical platform. It helps up in opening new revenue models for the film industry. In addition to the economic benefits brought about by the digitization of films, there are logistics issues which are being simplified with the advent of this technology. CONCLUSION Through this project study, not only the various channels for distribution of movies in India have been studied but the impact of technology on the distribution methods adopted has also been gauged. It can be very well inferred that the cost of distribution has gone down and the penetration of the product (movies) has increased; the distribution has become economical and convenient without any damage to the quality. With the advent of technology, movies are now available even on the TV through channels like Video on Demand. However, piracy still looms large and the current distribution channel is yet not robust enough to curb the evil practice completely. Future scope of the project can include a quantitative analysis of the costs revenues that existed in the distribution channel before digitization and comparing the same with the costs revenues after digitization came into existence. Also, the channel of film festivals, where the potential blockbusters are released, has remained unexplored in this study.

The History of Abortion :: Womens rights, murder of a child

Abortions have been mentioned throughout recorded history, simply not a prevalent issue. In the times before Christ, typical abortion methods would be to poison the mother (in hope that she lived while the fetus died), or to abuse the mother’s abdomen. Hippocrates and Soranos, who were considered the greatest of all ancient gynecologists, both opposed abortion, though whether it was for the protection of the mother or fetus is not clear. The Hippocratic Oath, formulated around 400B.C., prohibits abortion and was taken verbatim by U.S. physicians (Gilbert 1). Once abortions became better developed and they started to be considered safe, the Catholic Church felt compelled to condemn the practice. It was considered murder and a horrid mortal sin. The Church struggled to find the appropriate time in the pregnancy cycle to consider abortion murder of the baby’s life. Different beliefs about when the baby was actually alive caused much disagreement. The Church prohibited abortion during many different times, sometimes at conception, other times when the baby first moved, and still other times when the pregnancy was four months along, also known as quickening. However, Judaism, Catholicism, and Protestantism always prohibited abortion of an animate fetus, or one considered alive with a soul. The problem was simply figuring when life began. During colonial times, medical guides gave recipes to abort the baby, with herbs that could be grown in one’s garden. By the mid-eighteenth century, these herbs were so widely available that they caused the first abortion laws to actually be considered poison control laws. The sale of commercial abortifacients was banned, however the action of the abortion was not. The laws made little difference (History 2). Even today, as Beverly Wildung Harrison, a feminist, says, â€Å"The withdrawal of legal abortion will create one more massively profitable underworld economy in which the Mafia and other sections of the quasi-legal capitalism may and will profitably invest† (390). Until the last third of the nineteenth century, when it was considered a criminal offense, abortion was legal before quickening. Under common law, post-quickening abortion was considered homicide or manslaughter. Statutes usually differed throughout the states, but generally abortion was punished after quickening as manslaughter and prior to quickening as a misdemeanor (Gilbert 1). In 1857, the American Medical Association appointed a committee on Criminal Abortion. Its purpose was to investigate criminal abortion â€Å"with a view to its general suppression†. They concluded that a fetus was a living person at the moment of conception, and this belief was encouraged by an even stronger report from the same committee in 1871. The History of Abortion :: Women's rights, murder of a child Abortions have been mentioned throughout recorded history, simply not a prevalent issue. In the times before Christ, typical abortion methods would be to poison the mother (in hope that she lived while the fetus died), or to abuse the mother’s abdomen. Hippocrates and Soranos, who were considered the greatest of all ancient gynecologists, both opposed abortion, though whether it was for the protection of the mother or fetus is not clear. The Hippocratic Oath, formulated around 400B.C., prohibits abortion and was taken verbatim by U.S. physicians (Gilbert 1). Once abortions became better developed and they started to be considered safe, the Catholic Church felt compelled to condemn the practice. It was considered murder and a horrid mortal sin. The Church struggled to find the appropriate time in the pregnancy cycle to consider abortion murder of the baby’s life. Different beliefs about when the baby was actually alive caused much disagreement. The Church prohibited abortion during many different times, sometimes at conception, other times when the baby first moved, and still other times when the pregnancy was four months along, also known as quickening. However, Judaism, Catholicism, and Protestantism always prohibited abortion of an animate fetus, or one considered alive with a soul. The problem was simply figuring when life began. During colonial times, medical guides gave recipes to abort the baby, with herbs that could be grown in one’s garden. By the mid-eighteenth century, these herbs were so widely available that they caused the first abortion laws to actually be considered poison control laws. The sale of commercial abortifacients was banned, however the action of the abortion was not. The laws made little difference (History 2). Even today, as Beverly Wildung Harrison, a feminist, says, â€Å"The withdrawal of legal abortion will create one more massively profitable underworld economy in which the Mafia and other sections of the quasi-legal capitalism may and will profitably invest† (390). Until the last third of the nineteenth century, when it was considered a criminal offense, abortion was legal before quickening. Under common law, post-quickening abortion was considered homicide or manslaughter. Statutes usually differed throughout the states, but generally abortion was punished after quickening as manslaughter and prior to quickening as a misdemeanor (Gilbert 1). In 1857, the American Medical Association appointed a committee on Criminal Abortion. Its purpose was to investigate criminal abortion â€Å"with a view to its general suppression†. They concluded that a fetus was a living person at the moment of conception, and this belief was encouraged by an even stronger report from the same committee in 1871.

Allegory Essay -- essays research papers

Allegory Plato’s The Allegory of the Cave is a short story specifically discussing the parallels between the shadows the prisoners sees on the wall of the cave, and the illusion, which passes off as truth in today\\'s society. The Allegory of the Cave is about Socrates teaching his student, Glaucon, certain principles of life by telling him one of his allegories. The Allegory of the Cave can be interpreted in many ways; one way is to make a comparison between the story and the way of thinking by individuals in a closed society. Socrates states that the cave is a world many of us would like to see, but is not really how the world is. It is almost like the movie \\"The Matrix\\", where Neo, the main character is to discover that the world he lives in, is not the real world, but a world generated by machines and computers. Only in Socrates\\' allegory, the world is not created by computers, but by individual minds. Socrates wants Glaucon to be a wiser, better-educated man, who will later become a ruler of the State. He wants him to know not only the right, but also experience the wrong, because only a man who knows the bad, can truly understand and appreciate the good. Socrates does this by telling him a story, to let him better understand the principles of life. Men are chained down in a cave and have a wall blocking their view to the outer world. The prisoners can only see the shadows of the objects on the other side of the wall. If the prisoners see the shadows of the men ...

Body Language in Business Communication

Body Language in Business Communication Body language is a non verbal form of communication that is widely used by people in everyday environment. Alone, or in conjunction with the words, body language has a big influence on how we communicate to others. In business world it can cause both positive and negative results in communication. If used properly, body language can help create a friendly atmosphere in any conversation and can significantly enhance your verbal message. It can help win the interview, make a sale, give a successful presentation and profit from business negotiations. Therefore, today’s businesspeople more and more some time studying the different forms of the body language to achieve the maximum positive influence on people. They also do it, so they can better understand people around them as well. Body language is defined as everything what can be communicated without or in addition to words: facial expressions, physical movements (gestures), posture or silent actions. The study by UCLA (University of California in Los Angeles) showed, that words account for only 7% of the messages person conveys. The remaining 93% are non-verbal factors. As Lidia Ramse, business etiquette expert says: â€Å"In the business setting, people can see what you are not saying. If your body language doesn't match your words, you are wasting your time. † (The Sideroad: Body Language in Business by Lidia Ramse) In fact, psychologists divide body language in two categories: intentional and unintentional (subconscious). We cannot always verbally express what we feel, so our body language does it for us. At the same time, we can use our body language intentionally to express something without saying a word. It is good to understand that our body language can be also interpreted subconsciously as well. As people do not always pay close attention to what we do, certain actions can trigger a formulation of certain opinion about person. Mary-Lo use Angoujard, CEO and Founder of Rapporta Limited, gives a good example of the person, whose arms folded across the body, head down, stiff torso, hunched shoulders and crossed legs. She calls it â€Å"closed† body language that causes people think that this person is shy by nature, cold or ill or simply disagreeing strongly with something. (Raporta- Bringing Positive Energy to Business Communication) In addition to all above mentioned, nonverbal signals can suggest the attitude, understanding, empathy and ethics. That is why it is important to analyze and study your own body language and evaluate others’. Then you can learn how to use it in your own advantage and how to better understand your copartners to make your business communication process the most successful it can be. These are some tips on the most practical and common body language signals. Handshake Handshake is a form of gesture that is most commonly associated with greeting. Other common uses of it are starting the meeting, making an offer (deal) or completing an agreement. The main purpose of the handshake is to convey trust, balance and equality. In general handshake should be firm, full and supported by an eye contact. It can help convey your confidence and get a good start for further communication. Handshake can reveal your associate’s personality. The stronger the handshake the more aggressive or important the associate can be. Posture Standing tall and holding the head straight is not only a sign of a good posture. It can also show confidence, make the message come across easier and make it a subject of importance. Use of Personal Space Use of personal space is another important factor, but it is also culture oriented. Understanding of this term differs from one country to another. â€Å"For Western Europeans and Americans, a space of 14 to 16 inches is considered non-intrusive. But those from the U. K. might consider a distance of 24 inches to be more comfortable†, concludes Tatiana D. Helenius in her article about international business dealings (CNN. Money). As protocol and etiquette consultant Margaret DelVecchio said: â€Å"Awareness of the level of personal space required is crucial†¦. If not gauged properly, inappropriate proximity or distance can lead to misunderstandings and be interpreted as insult (CNN. Money). † It is also important to pay attention as to what stance your college has: is he sitting or standing? You should not take more space than other person does suggesting your bigger significance. In conclusion, it is important to mention that human body can produce over 700,000 unique movements. These movements have been divided into about 60 symbolic signals and around 60 gestures. Brenner Books: Body Language in Business). After careful examining of your own attitude you can choose and work on the most successful for the particular message body signals and correct unnecessary ones that caused you failure in the past. Nonverbal communication when coupled by good verbal skills together with knowledge of the mater ial and ethical behavior will have huge impact on others and bring successful results to any business. Works Cited Angoujard, Mary-Louise. â€Å"Is Your Body Talking Good Business? Body Language in Business – Sort it out and Communicate with Greater Impact. Rapporta – Bringing Positive Energy to Business Communication. Copyright 2006 Rapporta Ltd. Retrieved on 24 July, 2007 from: < http://rapporta. com/press07. htm> â€Å"Body Language Rules Biz Travel†. CNN. com/World. 8 July, 2003. Retrieved on 23 July, 2007 from: < http://edition. cnn. com/2003/WORLD/europe/07/08/biz. trav. body. language/index. html> Brenner, C. Robert. â€Å"Body Language in Business: How to Sell using Your Body! † BrennerBooks. com. Copyright 2001-2004, Brenner Information Group. 9 December 2004. Retrieved on 22 July, 2007 from: < http://www. brennerbooks. com/bodylang. tml> Helenius, D. Tatiana. â€Å"Body Language Savvy. † CNN Money. 2007 Cable News Network LP, LLLP. A Tim e Warner Company. 3 May, 2000. Retrieved on 22 July, 2007 from: < http://money. cnn. com/2000/05/03/career/q_body_language/> Morgan, Nick. â€Å"The Truth behind the Smile and Other Myths – When Body Language Lies. † HBS Working Knowledge. Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2002. Retrieved on 23 July, 2007 from: < http://hbswk. hbs. edu/archive/3123. html> Ramsey, Lidia. â€Å"Body Language in Business. † Sideboard. com. Blue Boulder Internet Publishing 2007. Retrieved on 23 July, 2007 from:

Essay about citizenship †Citizenship in Sao Paulo’s Favelas

Introduction Sao Paulo is not only the biggest city in Brazil, but is the biggest proper in the Americas and in the southern hemisphere and not to mention, ranking seventh in terms of population in the whole world. Its metropolis is the second most populated in the Americas and ranks in the top ten largest in the world. This city is the capital of the state of Sao Paulo and a significant center in commerce, finance, arts and entertainment in Brazil. Sao Paulo has recorded a significant growth compared to other cities in Brazil in terms of population and with urbanization at 81 percent; it is witnessing an increase in slum housing. This problem started in the beginning of 20th Century with the segregation that existed between the affluent, who lived in the central districts, and the poor, who lived in the low lying floodplains. This pattern of urban settlement has changed with poor migrants moving into all city spaces. The rapid spread of slums began in the 1980s with the development of favelas in the urban peripheries and the cortices. Currently, the favelas are the dominant form of settlement and have broken its confinement into all parts of Sao Paulo, the insurgent citizens of the city. There has been an ongoing conflict between the residents of favelas and the public authorities because of the encroachment into the areas valued by the property market. In addition, the favelas are slowly being driven into the poorest, most peripheral and dangerous areas devoid of basic urban services, such as water, power, education. This paper intends to reveal that this insurgency is a conflict of citizenship and not just instrumental outcry and violence. Citizenship in this case refers to recognition of residents’ legal presence in the city and their rights to basic urban services. Insurgency in Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, like many other cities in the developing countries, is not planned. According to UN Habitat (2012), planning for social integration is important as it addresses policies that could or affect the poor. It is also recommended that these plans be done well in advance so as to tackle the issues before they occur rather than as they occur. Urban planning plays a key role in mitigating insurgent citizenship. As aforementioned, the peripheries of Sao Paulo were inhabited by worker back in the 1960s who constructed their homes through autoconstruction. They did this without any infrastructure; this process is still used today as a primary means of settling the urban poor in the city. Nonetheless, as evident, this process has done little to solve the problem of housing in the city. The city of Sao Paulo has experienced rapid economic growth, this growth, however, has been unevenly distributed among the population, and this has resulted in wide social and economic disparities. The f avelas of Sao Paulo is a marked representation of these issues, with inadequate infrastructure and urban services, lack of the rule of law and adequate policing, as well as violence emerging from institutionalized poverty. The city has lost its appeal of a neutral entity; it has become a political and economic space, where the meaning of citizenship and urban life is regularly on trial, here power relations are forcefully maneuvered and sustained. There are notable examples where the residents of the favelas have taken action to claim ownership of the slums. Holston (2007) explains that, in 1972, the residents of Jardim das Camelias roughed up court officials, an incident that led to massive arrests by the police and for a week what seemed to be a conflict between the law and the residents ensued supported by politicians and lawyers. This was triggered by eviction notices that were to be delivered to the residents and which they ignored and used violence to evade, at least one perso n died. In 2003, an official went to Lar Nacional, to cancel one of the residents title that had been recently issued. This saw the beginning of long legal battle between the residents of the favelas and the court system. They had learnt to organize themselves as a unit, neighborhood association. The court official’s intention was to demand the cancellation of the title as a result of an anomaly in measurements. The title was issued through adverse possession a legal way of acquiring an original title by proving possession over an uninterrupted period. The residents spent more than a decade petitioning the judiciary for such validation, and it was a historical case as the first to return favorably decided, the resident was issued a new title, site plan, as well as tax number. Moreover, this insurgent citizenship came out of the peripheries and the favelas into the civic square, with the elections of 2002, the country witnessed one of the residents of the favelas rises to the highest office of the land. Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, of the Workers’ Party (PT) grew up poor in the urban peripheries of Sao Paulo, and this seemed as a victory for those who lived in these areas as they filled the central spaces of Sao Paulo with the red banners calling for citizenship. Citizenship It is critical to understand the condition of working class citizenship in Sao Paulo to examine the emergence of the citizenship in the favelas. Wolfe (2014) points at the fact that the establishment of a working class in Sao Paulo revolves around the long-time relationship between land, labor, and law that exist in land policies. These were meant to bring forth a particular kind of work force in addition to illegalities that result in settlements as well as legalization of property claims. Such illegalities resemble the current ones in the peripheries. The only difference is that this happens with an unexpected result that in the end generates a distinct formulation of citizenship. According to Holston (2007), the elites in the 19th Century introduced a regime of citizenship to strengthen their hold of power in the new formed nation state. In this process, they used social differences, such as education, race, gender to induce different treatment to different segment of citizenship. This was the beginning gradation of rights among the citizens, and here rights were based on segregation, there were certain sections treated better than others. It is this system that created the citizenship of inclusive membership, but largely inegalitarian in distribution. For the elite to maintain the differentiated treatment to citizens after the country’s independence and the abolition of the slave trade, they came up with a dual pronged solution. They ensured direct suffrage and made it voluntary, but at the same time limited it to those who could read and write. This restriction made the electorate much smaller, furthermore in the constitution; there was an elimination of the citizens rights to basic education that provided them with some limited education. This restriction denied the citizens of their political citizenship for a long time until 1985 when it was repealed. According to Holston (2007), after the repeal, the elites still longed to control civil and econ omic matters. They established a real estate industry that facilitated legitimate the ownership of private property and one that supported free labor immigration. In addition, they created high price for the land and made wages low to restrict the many workers legal access to land forcing them to basically be source of cheap labor. The two citizenships developed in tandem and became restrictive as the country changed from a slave based nation to a republic based on wage labor. The regimes that followed in the 20th century followed this paradigm establishing an inclusively inegalitarian citizenship and adopting it to a modern situation. It incorporated the emerging labor force in the urban areas into a new arena of labor law devoid of equality. According to , inclusively inegalitarian citizenship was the cause of the insurgency. Inegalitarian citizenship representative of inequality in his theory can be disapproved more so in the context of it use. If the residents of the favelas are unequal, that has not stopped them from moving up the economic and political ladder. Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva is a good example of this scenario; he was raised in the favelas and emerged as the head of state. Therefore, the insurgence is not in demand for autonomy, but for residence and more so for the poor. The cause for the insurgency was lack of planning that takes into consideration the workers and the poor of the city. In addition, as much as Holston (2007) argues that favelas claimed their citizenship, this is far from the truth. They might have stopped evictions and initiated a new process of issuance of titles, but this calls for a redefinition of citizenship. Citizenship calls for recognition of the rights of each and every resident, as part of the urban populace; they have equal democratic right to environmental health as well as basic living conditions. The rights herein refer to basic urban services including but not limited to water, sanitation, power, and education. The favelas inhibit provision of these basic services, first of all it is not easy to gauge the population in these areas for planning purposes; they are not only congested, but also risky as a result of high crime rates. In addition, the houses constructed in favelas are not planned and are informal hence it is difficult to access them for the provision of certain services such as good roads, drainage, water supply and even power. These conditions render the favelas by default inaccessible to basic urban services. Furthermore, Holston’s (2007) approach explores cultural phenomena, and he makes a persuasive case. There seems to be another problem in the favelas that have a direct bearing on the limited citizenship of the favela residents. There is a need for a clear ethnographic analysis of the key players in these areas, and Holston (2007) fails do provide this. The favelas have been invaded by cartels that would rather have them remain the way they are for business purposes . First, the drug cartels, they have a system of criminal leadership. These criminal gangs have control over most areas of the favelas making it difficult for the residents to receive much needed services due to fear. The middle class and the upper classes are of the opinion that favelas are loci of violence and the epicenter of criminality. This view is further perpetuated by the state officials as well as the law enforcement that result to a repressive approach, from regular police raids to forceful eviction of large populations and razing the structures. These actions are usually justified by the mere fact that the favelas are crime hotspots. Criminal gangs and activities play a significant role in preventing accessibility into the favelas, this leads to the government shortsightedness, police unaccountability, and most important lack of opportunities and services for the residents relegating them to a state of inegalitarian citizenship. Rights in Sao Paulo Favelas The emergence of citizenship in Sao Paulo’s public spheres forced the authorities to relook into these new urban conditions by allowing new kinds and sources of rights. These brought to the forefront issues of substance and scope that were previously ignored by the state’s current laws and institutions. The new citizenship rights developed at the edge of the manifested assumptions of governance: they resolved the new common and personal spaces of everyday life among the economically challenged in the favelas; the rights concerned men, women as well as the children and established work to give state services. The most notable fact of the rights is that they introduced reconceptualization, what Holston (2007) refers to as the greatest historical innovation of these rights. The proponents of these rights had initially thought of them as entitlements of general citizenship, as opposed to a differentiated category of citizens. In this regard, the emergence of participatory p ublics in the favelas introduced and established new understanding and exercise of citizenship rights as well as expanding substantive citizenship to new social frontier. The foundation of rights, therefore, is a combination of new and old formulations. In addition, these rights are subjected to change in concepts. Nonetheless, there is a presentation of a mixture of rights that include treatment rights, contributor rights, as well as constitutional rights. It is evident that few people refer to constitutions and laws and if they do; it was to complain and that, with the exception of labor rights, most were not applicable. The concept of rights as a privileged few is grounded in several incarnations, entrenched in the system of differentiated citizenship. In other words, citizenship remains a means for the distribution and legitimizing inequality. This concept was prevalent in the post constitution favelas being used more than the insurgent one of generalized text-based rights. The generalized text, based rights, proposes that the residents of favelas have unconditional rights and that their rights are not based on personal, social or moral status. This sets the stage for the establishment of and the achievement of a more equalitarian citizenship. However, as the residents of favelas are organized in groups, propagates the concept of contributor rights one that adopts both systems of citizenship. This is because the autoconstruction in the favelas was not all inclusive; it excluded some residents. Despite this fact, it was recognized as the builder of the peripheries and emphasized the self-determination and accomplishment of the people in the favelas both at the individual and group level. In addition, autoconstruction promoted a universal citizenship distinct from the differentiated pattern. In the current peripheries, all the three concepts were significant in the development of citizenship. Conclusion This paper has highlighted the concept of citizenship, applying it to the city of Sao Paulo. The paper reveals that the insurgency witnessed in most of the informal settlements in the city are not mere instrumental outcry and violence, but a conflict of citizenship. As the city developed, there was no proper planning that took into consideration the low income earners or even the settlements that were earlier created by the workers. Therefore, there has been the emergence of new citizenship in Sao Paulo’s public spheres forced the authorities to look into these new urban conditions by allowing new kinds and sources of rights. The insurgency introduced new ways of accessing the situation; these brought to the forefront issues of substance and scope that were previously ignored by the state’s current laws and institutions. The new citizenship rights developed at the edge of the manifested assumptions of governance. Citizenship as examined in the paper calls for recognitio n of the rights of each and every resident of the city, as part of the urban populace; they have equal democratic right to environmental health as well as basic living conditions. Bibliography Avritzer, A., 2004. A Participacao em Sao Paulo. Sao Paulo: Editora Unesp. Conceicao, A., 2010. RMSP supera 20 milhoes de habitantes, calcula Seade. [Online] Available at: http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/economia,rmsp-supera-20-milhoes-de-habitantes-calcula-seade,503095,0.htm [Accessed 14 March 2014]. Diken, B. & Laustsen, C.B., 2007. Sociology Through the Projector. New York: Routledge. Geo Cases, 2003. Sao Paulo: Population and Slum Housing. [Online] Available at: http://www.geocases2.co.uk/printable/Housing%20in%20Sao%20Paulo.htm [Accessed 14 March 2014]. Holston, J., 2007. Insurgent citizenship in an era of global urban peripheries. [Online] Available at: http://www.publicspace.org/es/texto-biblioteca/eng/b001-insurgent-citizenship-in-an-era-of-global-urban-peripheries [Accessed 15 March 2014]. Holston, J., 2007. Insurgent Citizenship: Disjunctions of Democracy and Modernity in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Human Rights Watch, 2009. Lethal Force: Police Violen ce and Public Security in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. New York: Human Rights Watch. McCann, B., 2006. The Political Evolution of Rio de Janeiro’s Favelas: Recent Works. Latin American Re, pp.149-63. Santos, B.d.S., 1995. Toward a New Common Sense: Law, Science and Politics in the Paradigmatic Transition. New York: Routledge: Routledge. The Guardian, 2002. Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. The Guardian, 27 October. UN Habitat, 2012. The Role of Urban Planning in Preventing Slums and Addressing the Existing Slums. [Online] Available at: http://www.mhu.gov.ma/Documents/TOP%2020/Pr%C3%A9sentations%2027%20nov/The%20role%20of%20urban%20planning%20in%20preventing%20slums%20and%20addressing%20existing%20slums.pdf [Accessed 15 March 2014]. Wakefield, E.G., 1968. A letter from Sydney. In The collected works of Edward Gibbon Wakefield. Glasgow : Collins. Wolfe, J., 2014. Working Women, Working Men: Sao Paulo & the Rise of Brazil’s Industrial Working Class, 1900–1955. Duke Unive rsity Press.